老
一
I understand your professor has been discussing several Eastern Woodland Indian tribes in your study of Native American cultures.
As you have probably learned, the Eastern Woodland Indians get their name from the forest-covered areas of the Eastern United States where they lived.
The earliest Woodland cultures date back 9,000 years, but the group we'll focus on dates back only to about 700 A.D.
We now call these Native Americans the Mississippian culture, because they settled in the Mississippi River valley.
This civilization is known for its flat-topped monuments called temple mounds.
They were made of earth and used as temples and official residences.
The temple mounds were located in the central square of the city, with the huts of the townspeople built in rows around the plaza.
The Mississippian people were city dwellers.
But some city residents earned their living as farmers, tending the fields of corn, beans, and squash that surrounded the city.
The city's artisans made arrowheads, leather goods, pottery, and jewelry.
Traders came from far away to exchange raw materials for these items.
In the slides I'm about to show, you will see models of a Mississippian city.
二
I'm going to talk about a train that exemplifies the rise and fall of passenger trains in the United States: the Twentieth Century Limited.
Let me go back just a bit.
In 1893, a special train was established to take people from New York to an exposition in Chicago.
It was so successful that regular service was then set up between these cities.
The inaugural trip of the Twentieth Century Limited was made in 1902.
The train was different from what anyone had ever seen before.
It was pulled by a steam engine and had five cars: two sleepers, a dining car, an observation car, and a baggage car, which believe it or not contained a library.
The 42 passengers the train could carry were waited on by a large staff.
There were even secretaries and a barber on board.
It wasn't long before people had to wait two years to get a reservation.
As time passed, technical improvements shortened the trip by a few hours.
Perhaps the biggest technological change occurred in 1945 the switch from steam to diesel engines.
By the 1960's, people were traveling by car and airplane.
Unfortunately, the great old train didn't survive until the end of the century it was named for.
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